Martin Luther King Jr s I Have A Dream - 872 Words

I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.(Martin Luther King Jr, 1963). This statement came from Martin Luther King Jr’s famous speech ‘I have a dream’. As one of the most powerful weapons contributing to the civil rights movement led by King, it motivated more people to fight hard for human rights. However, what is the human right? Not everyone can give an explicit definition. According to the Offices of High Commissioner for Human Rights (1996), human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status. That is to say, every single one deserves human rights simply because we are humans. There are two kinds of human rights recognised widely: civil and political rights; economic, social, and cultural rights. Civil and political rights guarantee people to live in freedom and liberty. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person (the United Nations General Assembly, 1948). Prominent examples of econ omic, social and cultural rights include rights to food, housing, health care, education, and social insurance (Baylis, J. Smith, S and Owens, P.2014). The development and evolution of the human rights have gone through quite a long and complicated history. From ancient to modern times, numerous fighters have madeShow MoreRelatedDr. Martin Luther King Jr. s `` I Have A Dream?852 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s, â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, Blacks were denied their equal rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness (I Have a Dream). The Emancipation Proclamation, written by Abraham Lincoln, supposedly freed all slaves but Blacks were still treated with disrespect. Blacks needed to have equal rights for many reasons. Blacks were mistreated, they were subjected to injustice and biased laws. Blacks were the â€Å"victims of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality†Read MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr s I Have A Dream Speech1480 Words   |  6 PagesMovement, Martin Luther King Jr s I Have A Dream speech was broadcasted across the nation and heard by millions of Americans on August 28, 1963. Throughout the decades, many have promoted the importance of racial equality in America. Leaders such as William J. Clinton, Barack Obama, and George W. Bush have contributed to modern social movements by, doing as Dr. King himself, giving speeches to varying audiences concerning the issue of racial inequality. Above all, Martin Luther King Jr made the strongestRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr. s I Have A Dream 1132 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. was the man who wrote the speech entitled â€Å"I have a dream† and presented it to nearly 250,000 people o n August 23, 1963. In that speech, MLK Jr. used several different types of figurative language/rhetorical devices in order to convey his message to the people on a deeper level. These devices include personification, allusion, symbolism, hyperbole, metaphor, simile, and anaphora. Personification is a form of figurative language in which something has nonhuman human qualitiesRead MoreObservations On The s I Have A Dream Speech By Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.881 Words   |  4 Pages5 years ago, Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his I Have a Dream Speech on the Washington Mall 47 years ago, and Mother Teresa was born a century ago. Monday: Katrina; Tuesday: I Have a Dream; Today: Mother Teresa After spending a great deal of time on and devoting a good deal of space to the two previous subjects in this series on recent anniversaries, 2005 s devastating Hurricane Katrina and the world-changing 1963 I Have a Dream speech by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., I had looked forwardRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. s I Have A Dream 1448 Words   |  6 Pagesmore influential words have been spoken than those uttered by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s, â€Å"I have a dream,† speech. Perhaps one of the most famous and paradigm shifting speeches in all of history, Dr. King’s was spoken with candor, authenticity, fervor, and an enormous amount of tact. With his incredible intelligence and eloquence as a doctorate in Theological Studies, his establishment as such a respected leader, and his fervor and charisma in delivering the speech, Dr. King effectively establishedRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr. And King s I Have A Dream Speeches133 5 Words   |  6 PagesIndividuals that could be described as icons in their respective countries have delivered speeches meant to change their thinking pattern and inspire change. In the course of doing this, these icons have employed rhetoric devices and figurative language unbeknown to some of their listeners. Tommy Douglas and Martin Luther King Jr. did these to much effect. The general idea is that application of rhetoric devices always serves a purpose. Some may argue that application of more rhetoric devices orRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.s I Have a Dream Speech Essay1988 Words   |  8 Pagesof this movement was Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., who sought equality for the poor, victims of injustice, and African-Americans, by advocating peaceful protests. On August 28, 1963, King delivered one of the most memorable speeches of all time during the March on Washington. The mastering of Longinus’s five principals of the sublime is exemplified in King’s â€Å"I Hav e a Dream† speech. Moreover, the last couple of minutes of King’s speech is one of the most memorable parts. King sets his written speechRead MoreMartin Luther King, Jr.s Speech, I have a Dream, Led to Change in Civil Rights1732 Words   |  7 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech on August 28, 1963 led the way for a much needed change in America’s Civil Rights Era. Martin’s life brought about much needed change to allow black people to have equal opportunities. Martin Luther King, Jr. came from a long line of Southern Baptist Preachers. His father and grandfather’s influence led the way for him to also become a Baptist preacher. The man he was came from his strong convictions in the word of God. This gave him the courage andRead MoreAnalysis of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.s I Have A Dream Speech619 Words   |  3 Pages28, 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered one of the most famous speeches of all time to an audience of more than 200,000 civil rights supporters on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. In his, â€Å"I have a dream† speech, King addressed his encouragement of white and black people working together to achieve racial peace and harmony. He especially wanted to teach the young blacks that equality could be gained through the use of non-violence. The main reason King used nonviolenceRead MoreDialectic Journal on Martin Luther King, Jr.s I Have a Dream Speech1057 Words   |  5 Pagestoday, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice.† | This was a very good way to start off the speech. Martin Luther King Jr. starts by recalling when Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, which was the first step to Black freedom, and that what they were doing then was the next phase. | â€Å"This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well

Feminism In The Handmaids Tale - 1709 Words

The Republic of Gilead, a dystopian world with a patriarchal society, is displayed in Atwood’s, The Handmaid’s Tale. More specifically, the novel takes place in what used to be considered the United States but is now being called the Republic of Gilead where freedoms and rights have been excluded, especially for women. The society nurtures a â€Å"theocratic, patriarchal, nightmare world created by men, with the complicity of women† (â€Å"Margaret (Eleanor) Atwood†). The separation of the freedoms between the genders created female victimization through â€Å"sexual exploitation, isolation, and compelled ignorance that accompany severe economic and political powerlessness† (Merriman). In Margaret Atwood’s, The Handmaid’s Tale, taking place in the†¦show more content†¦Another influence upon Atwood that not only affects her opinions, but also the route of the novel is the Victorian women (Swale 374). Throughout the 1800â€℠¢s, middle class women were contained in homes as purely wives and mothers while also being shielded away from the knowledge of the outside world (Swale 374). The women during this time period were merely seen as objects to the men and took on the roles of caring for the home and children (Swale 374). Offred alludes to this role when she loses her job and after decides to go back to the stereotypical role of Victorian Women in the nineteenth century as she decides to do more baking (Swale 374). Overall, throughout the 1980’s Atwood infuses her views on feminism and influence from the Victorian women to help shape the society and the oppression of women in the novel. In order to show the restriction of women, specifically the handmaids in the novel, Atwood uses irony. The scene in which Ofglen first tries to discretely communicate with Offred by saying, â€Å"It’s a beautiful May Day,† is an example of a broad ironic stance that finally motivates her to action (Atwood 58) (Wagner-Lawlor 84). At first Offred does not pick up on the hidden cue, which she later learns was a test in which the irony of it serves as a crucial tool (Wagner- Lawlor 85). This ironic display in the novel is important becauseShow MoreRelatedFeminism in The Handmaids Tale626 Words   |  3 PagesChoice Novel Paper: Feminism in The Handmaid’s Tale In today’s news we see many disruptions and inconsistencies in society, and, according to Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, humankind might be headed in that direction. The deterioration of society is a concept often explored biologically in novels, but less common, is the effect on everyday social constructs such as the position of women as a item that can be distributed and traded-in for a ‘better’ product. The Handmaid’s Tale elaborates theRead MoreFeminism In The Handmaids Tale1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood is set in a future time period where the United States is under the control of the Gileadean regime. A terrorist attack leads to the collapse of Congress, the suspension of the Constitution, and the establishment of a theocratic totalitarian government. Men and women are given roles within society; they are Commanders, Eyes, Handmaids, and Marthas. In this novel, Atwood explores a promine nt social issue, feminism. The suppression and power of women are examinedRead More Feminism In The Handmaids Tale Essay1588 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism In The Handmaids Tale      Ã‚  Ã‚   Feminism as we know it began in the mid 1960s as the Womens Liberation Movement. Among its chief tenants is the idea of womens empowerment, the idea that women are capable of doing and should be allowed to do anything men can do. Feminists believe that neither sex is naturally superior. They stand behind the idea that women are inherently just as strong and intelligent as the so-called stronger sex. Many writers have taken up the cause of feminismRead MoreSummary Of Feminism In The Handmaids Tale724 Words   |  3 PagesMerriam Webster defines feminism is defined as â€Å"the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes† (Merriam-Webster). Still, today in America, the thought of gender equality idealistic because the system is internally misogynistic. Margaret Atwood tackles internalized misogyny because of hierarchal patriarchy in her dystopia, Gilead. She creates a world where on the surface women are equal while underlying critici zing religious conservative politics. Writer, Fiona Tolan analyzesRead MoreThe Significance Of Feminism In The Handmaids Tale991 Words   |  4 Pagesgranted. This is evident through Margaret Atwood’s novel The Handmaid’s Tale, a work of speculative fiction that depicts a dystopian future world called Gilead. In this novel, Atwood does a great job of highlighting the significance of feminism or specifically the lack thereof and warns the reader of the consequences that comes along with not recognising the effects on women in a patriarchal society. During the 1980’s, when The Handmaid’s Tale was written, women in North America had the right to voteRead MoreThe Handmaids Tale Feminism Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesMargaret Atwood’s 1985 novel, The Handmaid’s Tale, is undoubtedly a staple piece when considering feminism in literature. While most works might take a firm stand on one side or the other when considering feminism, The Handmaid’s Tale approaches the subject differently; instead of establishing an ironclad position either supporting or condemning feminist ideals, Atwood’s novel showcases both ends of a spectrum concerning the advantages and disadvantages of such a movement in a democratic-turned-totalitarianRead MoreThoughts on Feminism and Dystopia in the Handmaid’s Tale Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX ENGL 252-01 28 November 2012 Thoughts on Feminism and Dystopia in The Handmaid’s Tale The Annotated Bibliography Dopp, Jamie. Subject-Position as Victim-Position in The Handmaids Tale. Studies in Canadian Literature / Études en littà ©rature canadienne [Online], 19.1 (1994): n. page. Web. 27 Nov. 2012 Dopp believes that Dopp believes that the goal of The Handmaid’s Tale is to work against the oppression of women, While he feels that is actually does theRead MoreFeminism in Top Girls and The Handmaids Tale Essay1635 Words   |  7 PagesBoth Top Girls and The Handmaid’s Tale relate to contemporary political issues and feminism. Top Girls was written by Caryl Churchill, a political feminist playwright, as a response to Thatcher’s election as a first female British Prime Minister. Churchill was a British social feminist in opposition to Thatcherism. Top Girls was regarded as a unique play about the challenges working women face in the contemporary business world and society at large. Churchill once wrote: ‘Playwrights don’t give answersRead MoreEssay on Feminism in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale1096 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale In The Handmaids Tale, Margaret Atwood explores the role that women play in society and the consequences of a countryà ­s value system. She reveals that values held in the United States are a threat to the livelihood and status of women. As one critic writes, â€Å"the author has concluded that present social trends are dangerous to individual welfare† (Prescott 151).   The novel is set in the near future in Gilead, formerly the U.S., at a time whenRead MoreFeminism Lost in Margaret Atwood’s A Handmaid’s Tale Essay1527 Words   |  7 PagesIn Margaret Atwood’s A Handmaid’s Tale, the human spirit has evolved to such a point that it cannot be subdued by complacency. Atwood shows Gilead as an extremist state with strong religious connotations. We see the outcome of the reversal of women’s rights and a totalitarian government which is based on reproduction. Not only is the government oppressive, but we see the female roles support and enable the oppression of other female characters. â€Å"This is an open ended text,†¦conscious of the possibilities

Nutrition and Brain Development System - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Nutrition and Brain Development System. Answer: Introduction The report will discuss in detail about the child psychology and physical development along with development of gross and fine motor skills in the children between the age of 4 to 6 years. The word gross motor in child development based on the physical skills that can be used as a part of large body movement usually consisting the complete body. The age between 4 to 6 years is a stepping stone in the direction of physical as well as overall development of the children. Moreover, children in this age usually like to become an active part in physical as well as extracurricular activities like karate or gymnastics and many more. Children further continue to refine as well as improve the gross level motor skills through age seven (Davis et al, 2011). Between the age of four and six, the child usually goes through so many kinds of development phases as he or she initiate working towards the growth of an identity on personal level and also discover his or her purpose or participation in th e world. There are also so many exciting developments based phases as well as milestone for a child that helps them reach as a part of his or her exciting and super fascinating journey (Lpez-Vicente et al, 2017). There are two distinct type of observation that are used for assessment of young children. These methods are formal as well as informal. They distinguish in how controlled the situation are for utilising them. Formal methods consist of standardized evaluations and research based instruments. As an outcome of such studies, development based milestone for children have been recognized. Development based milestone are features and attitude based training to record data in careful manner which is designed in varied forms. Training also requires for proper analysis and interpretation of the data (Fox et al, 2011). Teachers in preschool normally use informal method of observation to collect data. Such methods are much easier in usage and more right for the sake of program based planning. It also consists of observation of children in the classroom with collection of samples for the work, interview of the parents and communication with children. Selecting a method for the proper assessment There are three kinds of consideration in selecting a method based on assessment. Firstly, the method selected entirely depends on the kind of attitude that one wants or looking to assess and the amount considered as normal for the kids in particular age groups. There are some educators who usually deal with such emerging kind of competencies. Development based milestone also assist the children in comparing as well as noting the transformation in the development process of children (Lovell et al, 2015). It is also needed to help the observer since they notice young children in preparation phase for the career working with the young children. In the end, overall amount of attention is aiming on needed by the observer requirements (Gershoff et al, 2012).). There are some methods of assessment that will need more attention from the people. For instance, it is challenging to interact with people when people are in the process of writing as per the record. The narratives also require to be rich in information with detailed discussion as per the behaviour setting. Then there are other methods as well based on checklists, participating candidates and video mode that are much easier to utilise at the time of working with children between the discussed age. Normally teachers utilise different kinds of ways for collecting data about the children. Because there is no single method which can be claimed as the most effective or helps in revealing every possible thing along with many methods that can be used. More complete form of data can be get by utilising many kinds of methods. There are so many other sources of data also which decreases the overall possibility of mistakes when making any kind of test (Hughes Ensor, 2011). There are many kinds of assessment techniques that can be utilised in early time of children program. This consist of anecdotal based records along with participation based charts, checklists, rating based scales, varied samples of products, tapes and many more. The teacher also evaluates families to get data. Anecdotal form of records: the simple kind of observation which can also be taken as a brief form of narrative based and it also account for a particular incident known as anecdotal record. Usually called as anecdotal based record is utilised to grow a clarity on the children behaviour. The anecdotal method does not need charts or special kind of settings. They can also record in any kind of setting and need no training (Villodas et al, 2015). All people need is a paper and a writing based tools to write about what happened through facts and in objective manner. It is also important to understand that observation is an open ended as well as continuous method until everything can be seen (Malina, 2012). It can be claimed as a short format story which has beginning, middle as well as end. The overall process of recording the case need a close eye and rapid pencil to get all possible details. One will also need to understand that what was in it and what actually happened and the locatio n of the occurrence. It also requires to be done in a prompt and right manner. Discussion and analysis on childs physical growth and motor skills The concept of fine motor skills is significant to get the attention and engage in small and through more accurate movements, usually using hands as well as fingers. The set of fine motor skills are distinct than gross motor skills that need less kind of precision to be able to perform (Sengupta, 2013). During three to four years, children continue to gain more knowledge on refining their skills based on eating as well as also utilise utensils like spoons. Children at this age can also use much larger tools for writing like crayons which they can hold easily. Here twisting motion can be used with the hand, used for opening door knobs as well as twisting the lids off the containers (Mani Huettig, 2012). Since children can also open the containers that have cover or lids, people must keep away specific harmful components like cleaners as well as medications that are stored and is out of reach in a more locked environment to save accidental kind of poisonings. At the age of four and five years, children go on to fine tune their fine motor skills and also build on the previous skills. For examples, now they are able to button up the cloths all their own. They have more artistic inclination which improves and they can also draw simple figures and be able to copy different shapes like sq uares, circles, and other kind of large letters (Sigelman Rider, 2014). Children between the age of five and seven old starts to show their skills that are crucial for initiating as well as gaining some kind of success in the schools like printing the alphabets or number or developing and understanding shapes like square. They can also use paints as well as pencils along with crayons with firm hand supported by some control. Children can also finish other self-care work which is completely beyond the dressing like brushing and combing. Children of this age can also eat without any help or supervision from adults (McClelland et al., 2013). Factors that affect physical development It is obvious, nutrition is crucial part of physical development at any age but specifically at the early time of the life. Inadequate consumption of good nutrition and the poor health along with nutritional status of the mother is indicative for children development as well and it also affect the brain development of the children (Kishimoto et al, 2016). There are two kinds of nutrients like macro and micro nutrients for normal level development and it is also more crucial at the time of early of childhood. Vitamin A is important for vision, differentiation through cellular, proper immune activities and remodelling of the bone. Iodine is also very important trace component to save cretinism and goitre along with deficiency with it outcomes in growth delay and other health issues (McClelland et al., 2013). At the same time, vitamin A and iodine based deficiencies are also one of the risk based factors however, the kind of micro nutrients is not a major challenge in Bhutan with ninety eight percent coverage of iodized elements like salt at house level. Smoking near the children and exposure to any kind of tobacco makes serious health results for the children (McClain et al, 2014). The decided amount of risk which is relative of negative results related with smoking is high. In the same level, consumption of any other kind of tobacco near them has adverse level impact on the overall development of the children. The bad effects of such habits during the early age of children can also impact them psychologically and exposer can also become a restriction during the physical development of the children and related with behavioural along with cognitive level growth (McClelland et al., 2013). There are so many children that relies in the care they get and the growth also relies on the ability of the parents. When there is absence of personal care during early time made a devastating effect on the health of children, development, adjustment with personality and cognitive level capacity (Smith et al, 2017). Emotions like responsiveness as well as sensitivity have been recognized as the main features of providing care on behavioural associated with later time of positive health and growth results in young children. Many experiments and intervention based studies with cognitive level stimulation on children exhibit high cognitive operations with added cognitive level stimulation than children compared with no stimulation (Murray et al, 2011). Suggestions to improve physical development Right balance: children at this time will have more control when he or she starts walking, climbing as well as running. Children also tries to hop as well as jump low steps with one feet at a time during the time of climbing (Prado Dewey, 2014). He also learns ignore limitations, run at a speed that is walk and even without watching their steps which also goes completely backward. Balance will also be easier for the growth of child, permitting them to ride a bicycle with proper and supervised training and along with training wheels. Children will also learn to swing by shifting the control from one leg to another and learning to break a fall. Children can also get more control by rolling in different directions specifically sideways (Murray et al, 2011). Physical level of labour at this time will bring some kind of excitement in the children and they will be more inclined towards chasing the ball as well as kicking and running behind it. Despite all the love for physical functions, it is important to rest with good sleep and this is the time when parents require to interfere and permit them to rest when required. Dexter approach: the children with growing strength as well as dexterity comes to utilising more complexed techniques like hammer of scissor which indicates further growth in the fine motor skills. Children are better at the time of utilising the building blocks as well as puzzles, with stringing beats along with drawing shapes shows an improved hand and eye coordination. They never will be able to hold crayons with fist and use fingers. Permitting children to play with different toys like blocks, holding of crayons as well as solving the puzzles with the assistance for them to improve the fine motor skills sooner or later (Murray et al, 2011). The children might be happier to be more independent with the help of getting dressed. Teaching them to completely undo the tie as well as buttons based laces is something which one might want to initiate at this time. The children also show some kind of preference for being right as well as left hand however will utilise them in alternate man ner to do many functions. Independence: at the early stage, children will require to get more independent and function their work. Children will learn to brush their teeth or using the washroom and wiping the face and blowing the nose (Zelazo Carlson, 2012). Parent must also initiate including the cleanliness activities at this time and children may want try new kind of foods while leaning on how to calm themselves as well as relax. Conclusion The development of child is slow and gradual process which unfolds many biological elements and traits that come up as they lean from varied experiences. In number of countries which are developing there more two hundred million young children between the age of four and five that even fail to reach their prospective potential in social level growth because of number of factors like poor health, poverty and many more (Zelazo Carlson, 2012). On one hand, the first three years are considered as the base for the existential one and it is usually from four of age when the mental framework started to construct for the future when the child enters the adult phase of life. In this time, the child is completely unconscious about his or her perception of his or her worth. Self-esteem plays an important and crucial role in how he or she see oneself and the society or world as a whole. Like for example, when the child is filled with love and then his or her most foundation based for existence will be strong since the emotional needs are met. This is that time of a human being life when the principles as well as perspectives can be ingrained into the personality of a children and they can play an important part in the overall quality of the relationship between the child and parents (Deprez et al, 2015). Reference Borovsky, A., Elman, J. L., Fernald, A. (2012). Knowing a lot for ones age: Vocabulary skill and not age is associated with anticipatory incremental sentence interpretation in children and adults.Journal of experimental child psychology,112(4), 417-436. Davis, E. E., Pitchford, N. J., Limback, E. (2011). The interrelation between cognitive and motor development in typically developing children aged 411 years is underpinned by visual processing and fine manual control.British Journal of Psychology,102(3), 569-584. Deprez, D. N., Fransen, J., Lenoir, M., Philippaerts, R. M., Vaeyens, R. (2015). A retrospective study on anthropometrical, physical fitness, and motor coordination characteristics that influence dropout, contract status, and first-team playing time in high-level soccer players aged eight to eighteen years.The Journal of Strength Conditioning Research,29(6), 1692-1704. Fox, N. A., Almas, A. N., Degnan, K. A., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H. (2011). The effects of severe psychosocial deprivation and foster care intervention on cognitive development at 8 years of age: findings from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,52(9), 919-928. Gershoff, E. T., Lansford, J. E., Sexton, H. R., Davis?Kean, P., Sameroff, A. J. (2012). Longitudinal links between spanking and childrens externalizing behaviors in a national sample of White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian American families.Child development,83(3), 838-843. Hughes, C., Ensor, R. (2011). Individual differences in growth in executive function across the transition to school predict externalizing and internalizing behaviors and self-perceived academic success at 6 years of age.Journal of experimental child psychology,108(3), 663-676. Kishimoto, H., Ohara, T., Hata, J., Ninomiya, T., Yoshida, D., Mukai, N., ... Kanba, S. (2016). The long-term association between physical activity and risk of dementia in the community: the Hisayama Study.European journal of epidemiology,31(3), 267-274. Lpez-Vicente, M., Garcia-Aymerich, J., Torrent-Pallicer, J., Forns, J., Ibarluzea, J., Lertxundi, N., ... Vrijheid, M. (2017). Are Early Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors Related to Working Memory at 7 and 14 Years of Age?The Journal of Pediatrics,188, 35-41. Lovell, R., Towlson, C., Parkin, G., Portas, M., Vaeyens, R., Cobley, S. (2015). Soccer player characteristics in English lower-league development programmes: The relationships between relative age, maturation, anthropometry and physical fitness.PloS one,10(9), e0137238. Malina, R. M. (2012). Growth. InEncyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease(pp. 376-378). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Mani, N., Huettig, F. (2012). Prediction during language processing is a piece of cakeBut only for skilled producers.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,38(4), 843. McClain, J. J., Lewin, D. S., Laposky, A. D., Kahle, L., Berrigan, D. (2014). Associations between physical activity, sedentary time, sleep duration and daytime sleepiness in US adults.Preventive medicine,66, 68-73. McClelland, M.M., Acock, A.C., Piccinin, A., Rhea, S.A. and Stallings, M.C., 2013. Relations between preschool attention span-persistence and age 25 educational outcomes.Early Childhood Research Quarterly,28(2), pp.314-324. Murray, L., Arteche, A., Fearon, P., Halligan, S., Goodyer, I., Cooper, P. (2011). Maternal postnatal depression and the development of depression in offspring up to 16 years of age.Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry,50(5), 460-470. Prado, E. L., Dewey, K. G. (2014). Nutrition and brain development in early life.Nutrition reviews,72(4), 267-284. Sengupta, P. (2013). The laboratory rat: relating its age with human's.International journal of preventive medicine,4(6), 624. Sigelman, C. K., Rider, E. A. (2014).Life-span human development. Cengage Learning. Smith, A., Beales, D., OSullivan, P., Bear, N., Straker, L. (2017). Low back pain with impact at 17 years of age is predicted by early adolescent risk factors from multiple domains: analysis of the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study.journal of orthopaedic sports physical therapy, (0), 1-40. Villodas, M. T., Litrownik, A. J., Newton, R. R., Davis, I. P. (2015). Long-term placement trajectories of children who were maltreated and entered the child welfare system at an early age: Consequences for physical and behavioral well-being.Journal of pediatric psychology,41(1), 46-54. Zelazo, P. D., Carlson, S. M. (2012). Hot and cool executive function in childhood and adolescence: Development and plasticity.Child Development Perspectives,6(4), 354-360.

The Process of Canonization free essay sample

The canonization process has existed in Catholicfor centuries. This process is steeped with history, as well as tradition, and rewards people for their unwavering commitment and faith to Catholicism. The process is long, arduous, expensive, and eventually requires authorization from the highest of Catholic officials. This paper will review the history, requirements, and financial expenses involved in the process of canonization into sainthood. History Saints are human, like us, but they personify divine power and have privileged contact with the supernatural. Saints perform miracles, receive visions, and are in love with the spirit. They truly are â€Å"the chosen few† (Dunn-Mascetti, 1994). As Catholics we refer to saints as people who are extremely holy; living their lives as perfect Christians, thus allowing them the right to serve God, on a personal level, in heaven (Schreck, 2004). Canonization is the process in which the pope declares a deceased constituent of the faithful is projected as a model and intercessor to the Christian principles and recognized as a saint due to living their life in a heroic manner or becoming a martyr because of their continued faith to God (Molinari O’Donnell, 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on The Process of Canonization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This persons name is then inducted into the canon of saints, citing those who are to be given veneration universally into the church. Canonization is an earthly decision, meaning it honors them as a saint on earth, not their entry into heaven (Bunson, M. , Bunson S. Bunson, M. , 1998). According to Molinari O’Donnell (2000), canonization originated during the early formulation of the Christian doctrines of worship, invocation, and intercession. The faithful believed that martyrs were true Christians and saints because they made the supreme sacrifice, by giving their lives, for God, the Gospel, and the good of the church. Their suffering earned them eternal life. Toward the end of the great Roman persecutions, the veneration of martyrs was extended to confessors, those who defended and suffered for their faith, but did not die doing so. Those confessors who had been excellent Christians, in austerity and penance, were now eligible to be rewarded with sainthood (Molinari O’Donnell, 2000). â€Å"The first formal canonization came in year 993, when Pope John XV raised Ulric of Augsburg to the altars during a synod at the Lateran Basilica†. As you will see, the qualifications for canonization in the later years became more stringent after previous inductees were found to be of imperfect sanctity (Bunson et al, 1998, p. 17). Requirements The process for canonization is divided into two phases; diocesan and Roman, or apostolic. When a person dies, and it is determined they lived a perfect and holy Christian life, a formal process for canonization is initiated. In the diocesan phase, the investigation is guided by the procedural law of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, by the diocesan bishop who formally conducts the process where the candidate died. A cause defined as â€Å"recent† is one where the person’s eligibility for sainthood can be corroborated through the disposition of eye-witnesses, and can only begin after a five years following the death of the candidate. A cause defined as â€Å"ancient† is where the evidence of virtues or martyrdom can be gathered only from written sources, subsequently, there is no time limit for this cause (Molinari O’Donnell, 2000). The postulator, a person approved by the bishop and responsible for the presentation of evidence for authenticity, also agrees to bear the moral and financial expense of the cause. Their primary job is to supervise the investigation and to determine the candidate’s fitness for canonization, by researching their life, work, and holiness. After the diocesan phase is complete, the postulator will reside in Rome where he will develop the formal argument for canonization with the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, which is comprised of cardinals and bishops. During this time, the postulator will create a Positio, a book containing an account of the candidate’s life and virtue (Molinari O’Donnell, 2000). In the diocesan phase, information, both positive and negative, on the candidate’s life, work, and holiness are collected and documented to establish the validity for the petition to canonize. In order for the nominee to advance to the next step, their published writings will be submitted for approval to two theological censors, selected by the bishop, and will be graded on doctrine and moral teachings. Other writings from the candidate will then presented to a historical commission, also selected by the bishop, which will conclude this particular phase. Evidence must clearly show that the candidate lived a life of faith, hope and charity beyond that of a common Christian (Molinari O’Donnell, 2000). The Roman, or postolic, phase commences when the acts of the diocesan process have been turned over to the Congregation for the causes of Saints, and they have declared the cause as â€Å"valid†. At this point a â€Å"relator†, an official of the Congregation, will be appointed and will assist in the creation of the Positio. Another official of the Congregation, known as the â€Å"promoter of faith†, will be accountable for the assessment of the cau se by historical and theological consultants to whom the Positio may be submitted for their endorsement. At last, all of this information is submitted to the Congregation for the causes of Saints, who will then forward it to the pope upon their endorsement. If the pope determines the candidate as suitable for canonization, a Bull of Canonization is issued, infallibly affirming the candidate’s perfection of the saint’s life and distinguishing their role as a divine intercessor; thus becoming a saint (Molinari O’Donnell, 2000). Even through the long, demanding process involving in-depth research, historical study, and theological manifestation, the decision to canonize lies solely with the pope, and requires a confirmation from God in the way of two miracles, which is scrutinized heavily by the Congregation. Miracles are a product of divine intervention and reinforce the candidate’s holiness as a servant of God. Martyrs are exempt from this miracle requirement because the act of sacrificing one’s life is viewed as the perfection of charity; they need not prove their worthiness in miracles (Molinari O’Donnell, 2000). Financial Expense The tremendously long hours of interviews, research, travel, and other intangibles make the canonization process an exhaustive event. The thoroughness of the process comes at a steep price. After sainthood is declared, the expenses include paintings representing the new saint which is given to the pope, cardinals, and other officials of the Congregation for the causes of Saints. Other expenses include decorations of the Basilica, Pontifical Mass, Sacred Vestments, and incidental expenses that make for a sizeable bill to the postulator of the cause. For example the final expenses for the canonization by Saint Leo XIII of Saint Anthony Maria Zaccaria and Saint Peter Fourier came to the total of 221,849. 10 Italian lira. When we convert that to the U. S. dollar, the total becomes $42,816. 87 (Beccari, 1907). Conclusion Canonization has long been a tradition in Catholicism that goes all the way back to year 993. The process is a thorough procedure that involves intensive investigation of a nominee and standard they maintained in their Christian and personal life. The requirements are tightly scrutinized, and for good reason, due to the nature of the appointment to saint. A saint is in personal contact with God in heaven; we worship and pray to them. We rely, trust, and place our faith in the pope and Congregation to make the right decision, to allow only the most deserving and most holy to be rewarded with the highest honor the church can bestow upon a human being. The cost is great, but the return on the investment is heavenly.